Imizi yabantu abahlwempu eyakhukhuleka ngesikhathi sezikhukhula KwaZulu-Natal muva nje ngeke yakhiwe kabusha ngaphandle kokuthi kuqoshwe kabusha ngendlela yentando yabantu uhla lwabalinde ukwabelwa izindlu.
Lokhu kungumbono wezinhlangano ezibhekelele inhlalo yabantu nongoti kwezokuhlaliswa kwabantu okwesikhashana ababheka izaba okungavinjwa ngazo ukukhwabanisa abacabanga ukuthi kuzokwenzeka uma sekwakhiwa kabusha lezi zindlu ezakhukhuleka kulesi sifundazwe.
Zibalelwa ezinkulungwaneni eziyishumi nane namakhulu amane namashuni amane nesishiyagalolunye (14 449) izindlu ezabhidlika, noma zamuka ngesikhathi sezikhukhula emavikini amane edlule. Abanikazi bemizi abebenemishwalense sebefake izicelo zokunxeshezelwa ezibalelwa ezigidini zamarandi.
Kodwa labo abebezihlalela emijondolo abanawo umshwalense, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi bebesavele besesohlwini lwabalindele ukwakhelwa izindlu obese kuphele iminyakanyaka bekulo – kodwa babone amakhansela eseqisa abangani, izihlobo nobhululu bawo kwipolitiki bebanika izindlu kuqala. Ithemba lokungena ohlwini lwabalindele izindlu zesikhashana licikiza kakhulu.
Uhla olusha lwabalindele izindlu oluzoqoshwa yimiphakathi ngaphandle kokugxambukela kwezinhlangano zepolitiki, izikhulu zomasipala noma abamele uhulumeni yiyona kuphela indlela ekhanyayo ebheke phambili, ngokubona kukamengameli waBahlali baseMjondolo uS’bu Zikode, osanda kunqoba indondo iPer Anger Prize ka-2021.
Uthi le nhlangano ebhekelele amalungelo abantu abahlala emikhukhwini “sekukudala inxenxa ukuba kube nohlelo olungenzeleli lokwabelwa kwabantu izindlu” olwaqala ngasekuqaleni kweminyaka yo-2000. Ngaleso sikhathi uMike Mabuyakhulu wayeseyilungu lesigungu somnyango wezezindlu noMike Sutcliffe eseyimenenja kamasipala eThekwini.
“Sekukaningi sibona amakhansela nabasezikhundleni beziqokela bona ngokwabo abafanelwe ukuthola izindlu. Lokho kwenza ukuthi abantu baseNingizimu Afrika abangenabo ubudlelwano nabasezikhundleni basale bencela izithupha. Uhlelo lwezindlu luzuzisa labo abasondelene namakhansela nezinhlaka ze-ANC, ngokufanayo nalolu hlelo lokuqashwa kwabantu emphakathini,” kusho uZikode.
Izisombululo ezingasebenzi
Umnyango wokuHlaliswa kwaBantu esifundazweni usuqalile ukukhipha izindlu zokuhlalisa abantu okwesikhashana ezinamagumbi amabili kulabo abakhahlamezeke ngesikhathi sezikhukhula eNdwedwe, okuyindawo engamakhilomitha angamashuni ayisithupha (60km) esenyakatho yeTheku. Lezi zindlu zibiza amarandi ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisikhombisa (R70 000) iyinye kanti zilungele ukuthi kuhlalwe kuzo iminyaka eyishumi kuphela. Kodwa kunemibiko ethi umasipala waseThekwini wona ufuna ukuguqula amabhilidi angahlali muntu, nalawo okungakahulumeni angasetshenziswa asenkabeni yeTheku abe yizindlu zokuhlalisa abantu.
Zozimbili lezi zinhlelo azizinhle kubantu abahlala emikhukhwini, kusho uDesmond D’Sa, owine indondo yeGoldman Prize-winning nongumgqugquzeli weSouth Durban Community Environmental Alliance (SDCEA). Uthi ukususa abantu abahlala emijondolo ezindaweni obekunemikhukhu yabo kuzo ubase ezindaweni zokuhlala zesikhashana, kuyafana nokubasusa komunye umkhukhu ubase komunye. Uthi uma kugcina ngokusetshenziswa amabhilidi asedolobheni naseduze nolwandle kuzogcina kungena labo abasondelene nosopolitiki hhayi labo abakhahlamezeke ngezikhukhula kulezo zindlu.
“Uhla lwabantu abalinde izindlu kuhulumeni luqoshwa nguye uhulumeni kanti lusasize abasondelene ne-ANC kuphela. Ngeke sikwazi ukuvumela i-ANC iqhubeke nokwenza lokhu ebilokhu ikwenza yonke le minyaka edlule,” kusho uD’Sa.
Bobabili oD’Sa noZikode banxenxa ukuthi kusungulwe ikomiti elizimele elizokwengamela ukwabiwa kwezindlu kubantu, elizosebenzisa uhlu oluqoshwe yizakhamizi ngokwazo. Ikomiti kuzobe sekuba yilo elinikezela ngendlu ngayinye esiphumile bese libika emphakathini njalo ngenyanga ngokwenzekayo.
“Sidinga isigungu esizimele esizohlanganisa izinhlaka ezibhekelele inhlao yabantu, abaholi bezenkolo namalungu omphakathi angekho kwezepolitiki noma ezinhlanganweni ezisebenzisana ne-ANC,” kusho uD’Sa. “Kulokhu kumele kufakwe abantu abasezinhlakeni zemiphakathi ehlala emikhukhwini abangenazo izifiso zokuba sezikhundleni kwi-ANC ngokuthi bazenze abaholi bomphakathi.”
UD’Sa uphinde ahlongoze ukuthi zonke izinhlelo ezintsha zokwakhiwa kwezindlu zidluliselwe emphakathini uziphathele wona futhi uzakhele wona lezo zindlu. Kuvele kunenqwaba yabantu abanamakhono okwakha emiphakathini kanti lokho kungaphinde kusize ekutheni umphakathi ukuqaphe ukwakhiwa kwezindlu kusuka kuqala kuze kuyophela.
Izinhlelo ezibeka abantu phambili
UDavid Hemson, oyinhloli yamazwe ngamazwe ebheka izinhlelo zamanzi nezolimo futhi owake waba ngumcwaningi kwiHuman Sciences Research Council, usesebenze ohlelweni olufanayo olubeka abantu phambili lokuqopha uhlu lwabalinde izindlu lwababhaciswe eRohingya eCox’s Bazar, okuyidolobha laseBangladesh. Leli dolobha yilona elinabantu abaningi ababhacile emhlabeni jikelele. Babalelwa esigidini abantu abahlala emikhukhwini yaseCox’s Bazar osekuqubuke kuyo imililo amahlandla ayisithupha kulo nyaka nje uwodwa. Ngonyaka odlule, umlilo wangqongqisa izindawo zokuhlalisa abantu eziyizinkulungwane eziyishumi (10 000) kuleli dolobha.
“Icebo esinalo wukuthi umphakathi kube yiwo oziqophela uhlelo lwabalindele ukwabelwa izindlu,” kusho uHemson. “Ulwazi oluzophuma lapho luzobe luhluzekile futhi luyiqiniso. Luzocwaningwa, luhluzwe wumphakathi bese kuthi njalo ngenyanga luvezelwe umphakathi ukuze uhlale wazi ukuthi bangaki asebenikeziwe izindlu. Lokhu yinto eyenziwa yizinhlangano ezizimisele ngampela ngokusiza abantu. Okunye kuyafana nokuphonsa imali emfuleni yemuke.”
UHemson wengeza ngokuthi uhla lwabalinde izindlu oluqoshwe wumphakathi “lungaqinisa izinhlaka zemiphakathi luphinde luqinisekise ukuthi usizo lufika lapho ludingeka khona kakhulu kuqala”.
“Le ndlela yokwenza ihlonza ngokungabazi abadinga usizo ngokwezibongo, indawo abakuyo nesimo sabo senhlupheko ukuze kusizakale abaludinga kakhulu usizo kuqala. Uhla lwabalinde izindlu olukhona njengamanje aluthembekile, kungenzeka luguqulwee futhi lusezandleni zosopolitiki. Loluhla olusha luzobe luveza izidingo ngokokubona kwabantu okuyibo abasizwayo,” kwengeza yena.
Kunengozi yokuthi abantu bafake ulwazi olungeyilo ukuze babonakale beludinga ngokushesha usizo noma kungenjalo, kodwa uHemson ukholwa wukuthi lokho kungalungiseka uma uhla lwenziwa amalungu omphakathi ngoba ayazana. “Njengoba loluhlu luzobe luvulelekile futhi luqinisekiswa wumphakathi, kuzogwemeka ubuqili nokuthi kunikwe abantu abanotho izindlu,” kusho yena.
Loluhlu lungaqala lubheke ukusiza ngokushesha abakhahlamezekile ngenxa yezikhukhula KwaZulu-Natal, kodwa lungagcina seluwuhlu oluzimele olungalokhu luphuculwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. “Lungasiza nokuhlahla indlela yokuhlela, ngokwehlukana kwezindawo, ukwabelwa kwabantu izindlu,” kusho uHemson.
Kudingeka ukuzinikela kwabezepolitiki
UZikode wexwayisa ngokuthi yize loluhla olusha ludingeka, inkinga enkulu edala ukusalela emuva kokwabiwa kwezindlu kubantu osekulinganiselwa ezigidini ezimbili nesigamu kungenxa yokungazimiseli kukahulumeni nabawuphethe ukwakhela abantu izindlu. Uhla lulodwa ngeke luyisombulule le nkinga, kusho uZikode.
Uhla lwabalinde izindlu kwesinye isikhathi luzifanelanotalagu nje. Aluvulelekile ukuthi umphakathi ulucubungule noma uluhluze, akekho owaziyo ukuthi lude kangakanani. Nabakulo abazazi ukuthi kukude kanjani ukuthi zifike kubo izindlu. Amakhansela asolwa ngokuthatha abangani nezihlobo zawo bababeke phezulu ohlwini bese kuba yibo abathola izindlu kuqala, kusale emuva abantu asebekhulile osekuneminyakanyaka belindile.
UMarie Huchzermeyer, ongusolwazi eCentre for Urbanism and Built Environment Studies eNyuvesi yaseWitwatersrand, uthi abahlala emikhukhwini babelwa izindlu kusetshenziwa uhlelo lukahulumeni olubizwa ngeNational Upgrading Support Programme, okuyilo olucubungula izidingo zabantu. Kodwa lokhu, ngokusho kwakhe, “kuyaphikiswa emazingeni aphansi”.
“Inkinga isendleleni labo okuyibo abacubungula izimo zabantu abayisebenzisayo njengoba bengahlangani nabahlala emijondolo ukuze baxoxisane nabo,” kusho uHuchzermeyer.
Ukholwa nawukuthi kubalulekile ukuthi izinhlaka ezimele abahlala emijondolo zifakwe “ohlelweni oluzohlanganisa abahlala ezindaweni ezehlukene ukuze kube nokuqonda ukuthi yibaphi abadinga kakhulu usizo”. Ukugxambukela kwabepolitiki, kwengeza yena, kudala “ukuncintisana nokungethembani” kumalungu ale miphakathi edinga usizo.
